Personal reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Personal reflection - Essay Example There is much reason that explain the perpetual social problem among coffee farmers. One of the main problem is the existent of middlemen in the coffee market (Francis). They buy coffee at a low price and sell at super profit. In addition, the coffee market is controlled by a few multinational companies that dictate the prices of coffee (Francis). For this reason, the farmer has no power to control the market, but they are reduced as price takers. And because the coffee multinational want to maximise their gain they buy coffee seeds at low price to the disadvantage of coffee farmers. This explains the perpetual circle of poverty among Ethiopian and other African countries that grow coffee (Francis). And because lack of hope in controlling the poor prices of coffee, the farmers are turning to chat farming because it attracts better prices in the local market. They argue that the only way out of poverty is to abandon coffee for other lucrative

Review Of Thomas Paines Argument History Essay

Review Of Thomas Paines Argument History Essay Thomas Paine begins his pamphlet, Common Sense, by asserting that government is a necessary evil that is a part of society. Paine goes further in depth with his analysis for the need of government by criticizing Britains government. He believes that there is a less of two evils in terms of government and Britains government is the more evil one. He strongly disagrees with Britains monarchy and their complex government. He states that their government is corrupt and unjust and that their immoral way of governing is affecting the lives of colonists through unfair taxes and mistreatment. Paine argues that America needs to strive for absolute independence because no country will be able to mediate the dispute between America and Britain as long as America is seen as a part of Britain. Nor will any country help America if they think that their help will be used by America to reconcile with Britain in the future. By declaring independence, America could begin to gain the benefits of allian ces and trade as well. By gaining complete independence from Britain will America truly be free from wrongful taxes and exploitation. Paine makes it clear that he is not fond of government. For Paine, living without government is perceived as being ideal. Paine sees the idea of government even in its best state as a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one (Paine 3). He believes a governments existence is justified only to the extent that it mitigates problems between civil disputes. Other than ending civil quarrels, Paine believes that a governments purpose is to restrain our vices (3) and act solely as a punisher (3). Paine presents government as an institution whose function is to restrain the evil in man. If people were to act morally, government would not be necessary. However, since people are capable of committing sins, government is necessary for the protection of life and property. Governments fundamental purpose, therefore, is to provide security. If a government fails to improve society than it is not worth keeping or at the very least should be reformed. Common Sense  attacks Britains monarchy and all that comes with it. Paine presents his specific problems with the British monarchy, with his attack on hereditary succession and with the numerous complaints he makes against the king. In a country, where they believe all men are created equal Paine criticizes Britain for having kings, essentially being hypocrites. The idea of kings originates from the Bible when the Jews asked the prophet, Samuel, for a king. Samuel warned the Jews of the outcomes of having a king but the people did not listen. Therefore, Paine believes that the origin of a king comes from sin. Kings and the idea of sin might not be as important in todays society but including the argument of kings and religion in his pamphlet made a more significant impact on readers in Paines generation because they were strict on religion. Even in biblical times, kings were reasonable positions although they were viewed as coming from sin. Kings back then were often generals or ju dges; however, in England, a man would be puzzled to know what is his business (16). Paine is saying that there is no real reason to have a king because we have generals and judges; therefore the duties of a king are meaningless. Paine adds that hereditary succession of kings brings other evils. For example, people who see themselves as born into an elite existence are often ignorant and unfit (15). Paine believes that a king should not exist within a government because the king has too much power and their touch with society is lost. Lastly, Paine opposes the theory that hereditary succession reduces civil wars. At least nineteen rebellions and eight civil wars broke out in Britains past. Paine concludes that monarchy and hereditary succession have produced nothing besides a wrongful government and bloodshed. Paine argues that America will eventually be independent. Since many people in Paines time are uncertain about the idea of a  revolution, it is important to establish the grounds for American independence. He establishes American independence as being a necessity, not a choice, in order to escape from taxes. By convincing his audience that America will be independent some day, it is much easier for Paine to make the case for an immediate and full rebellion. Paine states clearly that America will, in the end, separate from Britain. It is not a matter of if, but when they will separate. Paine says the ideal time to separate from Britain is now. Paine states if the British continue to rule in America the country will weaken. Paine persuades his readers by stating that America has a large number of able men ready to retaliate. Additionally, Paine argues, the colonies are small enough to be united. If the colonists allow too much time to pass by, more and more people will flock to Ameri ca. With more people, Paine believes, it will be more difficult to work with everyone and organize a full rebellion. Another key point in Paines argument comes from the scenario if America were to make peace with Britain. Paine argues that if America was to repair relations with Britain, the problems they presently face will come back and begin an endless cycle. A cycle where America and Britain reconcile and then Britain breaks their part of the agreement by creating some other absurd taxes. The new taxes that would be imposed would interfere with the colonists lives. Paine supports his argument by pointing out the history of colonial relations with Britain, especially the events surrounding the Stamp Act. Paine references the Stamp Act of 1765, where Parliament imposed taxes on a variety of printed materials. After the colonists protested, Britain revoked the tax. However, by 1767, Parliament imposed a new round of taxes on a large range of goods in the colonies. These taxes are just an endless cycle that will continue to occur, unless America just ceases all relations with Britain. One of the key problems that had colonists doubting revolution was the British Navy. Even though, Britain appeared to be an all-powerful world empire, many could simply not believe the idea that the colonies could break free of the worlds largest empire. The colonists knew that the British Navy was one the strongest, if not strongest, naval forces of their time. Paine addresses this problem by stating that America can raise a navy of their own that will match up or even surpass the British Navy. He explains that this is possible because America currently has no national debt and can afford to construct a navy. Paine presents calculations, done by Mr. Burchett, Secretary to the navy, that show the cost of around 3,500,000 pound sterlings to build a navy. Paine shows with detailed calculations that the colonists could build a navy to rival Britain. Furthermore, Paine also adds that America has all the natural resources, such as tar, timber, iron, and cordage, (36) to construct a navy. Paine explains that it would cost even less because there are raw materials and natural resources conveniently available to them. By laying out a detailed plan of how America could build a navy to rival Britains, Paine makes a more convincing case that America can do what many would consider impossible. Another significant argument that Paine makes, in regards to the navy, is that Americas coasts are unprotected and vulnerable. Paine writes, The more sea port towns we had, the more should we have both to defend and to lose (34). By raising a navy it would both further expand business and trade of America and provide defense for their shores. In addition, Paine writes that the British Navy is too busy patrolling various colonies of the Empire, and that an American navy would need only concern itself with protecting their own coast. Paine concludes by stating, to expend millions for the sake of getting a few vile acts repealed, and routing the present ministry only, is unworthy the charge (34). Paine says that the cost of the war is justified if the result is complete freedom. However, Paine believes that it is not worth putting up a struggle if it is simply to repeal some tax laws. Paine wants absolute independence, and nothing less. There are counter-arguments that Britain protected America from the French and Indian; therefore, the colonists should be grateful. However, Paine points out the Britain only protected America for its own financial reasons. Britain did not protect America out of concern for the colonists. Furthermore, if America had not been a part of Britain in the first place, they would never have needed the protection. It is because America was a colony of Britain that they needed protection. Another counter-argument that Paine addresses is being of British descent. Paine argues that being of British descent does not matter. He uses an analogy that Britains population is made up by French. However, unlike the colonists, the French that live in Britain are not forced to pay French taxes while living in Britain. Paine uses this analogy to criticize the taxes imposed on America by Britain. If the British themselves do not pay taxes for the French, the colonists have the right not to pay either. Common Sense plays a pivotal role in the American Revolution because it forges the attitude of Americans. Common Sense is easy to comprehend, and that is Paines goal. He presents these arguments so that the common man is able to understand. He stresses that the time for independence is now and presents strong arguments as to why the time is now. With the importance of raising a navy and pointing out the corrupt government Britain has America under, Paine illustrates that independence is Americas top priority. Until America declare independence from Britain, the colonists will feel itself like a man who continues putting off some unpleasant business from day to day, yet knows it must be done, hates to set about it, wishes it over, and is continually haunted with the thoughts of its necessity (44). Paine could not have explained the importance of haste for independence any better.

To be a counselor :: essays research papers

When coming to camp as a camper and a CIT, the two things that left the most lasting impression on me were having good times with people that I love and learning to live a more Christian life. I know that I am far from perfect, but I hope that I can be an example to my campersand show them by my actions how to live the Orthodox way. Even in the little things like leading evening prayers as a cabin, or being a guide as to what is appropriate to say or do, I pray that I will be able to show my campers how to best enjoy their time at the Village, and grow as Orthodox Christians. As a counselor, I anticipate being a member of an awesome group of people who can count on each other to assist in performing the tasks of the job, and to be there for one another whenever they need it. When I recently attended the OCF College Conference at the Village, I saw that a lot of the people who were counselors over the summer had become best friends and would do anything for each other. I couldn’t even begin to imagine what that must feel like since I was only at camp for two weeks while they spent nine or more weeks together building this unbreakable bond. I want to be able to be a part of that bond and offer everyone else on staff that same love, trust, and fellowship that they all share. If I become a counselor and I can accomplish the things I have just talked about with regards to the campers and the other staff, I believe that I will get everything I want out of my experience. I want to be closer to God. Where else can I go to be with hundreds of other Orthodox Christians who all want to help each other live the

Promoting Healthy Eating Habits in Second Graders Essay

This paper is geared toward promoting education of healthy eating habits of second grade students. According to Blais and Hayes, â€Å"Healthy People 2010 define Health Promotion as individual and community activities to promote healthful lifestyles. These healthful lifestyles include the improvement of nutrition in America† (p.120). The Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP), an organization of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has provided the necessary tools to help guide and promote healthy eating habits through conducting research and evidence based analysis in nutrition. USDA Food Guidance System known as MyPlate, MyPyramid, or the Food Guide Pyramid are used to educate the public and offer information on the recommended nutritional guides on weight management, caloric intake, physical activity, and health tips for specific ages and health conditions. The Dietary Guidelines of Americans 2010 have set guidelines used to promote healthy eating to the American people of all cultures, traditions and socioeconomic background. These guidelines encourage the consumption of nutritional foods, which include fresh vegetable and fruit, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, a variety of protein rich foods, which include lean meats, seafood, nuts and legumes (p.46). The emphasis of these principles will be used towards the promotion of health through the development, implementation and evaluation of a teaching plan on healthy eating habits to second graders, between the ages of 7-9 in a their classroom setting using the MyPlate educational teaching tools. Assessment of Learning Needs The second grade learning group consisted of fourteen children ages 7-9. An interactive class activity was presented using different items which  consisted of each food group using the MyPlate teaching concept. The children were asked to identify the food item they preferred unhealthy versus the healthy choice. The children’s knowledge on making healthy food choices was assessed at this time. It was assessed that 72% of the children preferred the food item that was unhealthy, while 28% made healthier selections. Although some of the children made healthy choices the majority of the group made unhealthy food selections. Prior to presenting the teaching plan the teacher reviewed the material to assure it would be understood by the second graders. Their developmental level was confirmed to be within the second grader learning ability in communication and understanding. None of the children required special learning needs. Two of the children wore corrective lenses, which did not inhibit their ability to participate in the activity. Cultural consideration was assessed by asking the children their race and the different kinds of food that is cooked at home. Two children were multicultural of Hispanic origin and specific food items commonly eaten at home were placed into its specific food group. The second graders first language was English. None of the children expressed specific spiritual practices as pertaining to eating habits or customs. The second graders preferred an interactive learning style which included: demonstration, answering and asking questions, and coloring activity. The second graders were enthusiastic and expressed eagerness to learn and share the information with their parents. The overall health status of the second graders was good. There were a few that expressed having allergies or respiratory problems. Learner Objectives The learning objectives for the promotion of healthy eating plan are as follows: A. Affective Domain: The students are willing to actively participate by listening and responding to the instructor’s presentation on healthy eating habits and engage in group activity. B. Cognitive Domain: Each student will be able to choose three healthy food items specific for each of the five food groups and describe three ways healthy eating nourishes the body and benefits of staying physically active. C. Psychomotor Domain: The students will select and identify the food item that is more beneficial for their health with given activity. Teaching Plan The teaching plan to be implemented includes the following presentation, which incorporates the current lunch menu offered to the students in school: A. MyPlate five food group and drink option was presented and the students are asked to choose which food item is eaten daily unhealthy versus healthy items included: 1. Fruit group: Selection of fresh fruit (banana, apple, orange strawberries, etc.) or a fruit cup 2. Grain group: Selection of French fries, potato chips, baked potato or wheat or white bread sandwich 3. Vegetable group: Selection of fresh carrots, salad, celery or canned carrots, corn 4. Protein group: Selection of fried chicken nuggets or baked chicken nuggets, burger or subway sandwich 5. Dairy group: Selection of whole milk or low fat milk, cheese or yogurt 6. Drinks: Water, Capri Sun or Juice box Each individual student will be encouraged to participate and other specific items not listed will be placed in the classified food group in order to address all individual needs. B. MyPlate nutritional guidelines reviewed with the students and open questions answered. 1. The School Day just got Healthier article discussion of the 10 tips for Nutrition Education Series includes awareness of healthier school meals for children, inclusion of more fruits and vegetables daily, along with whole-grain rich foods. The offering of a variety of low fat and fat free milk, reducing saturated fats and salt, increase in water intake. Meeting caloric needs through portion sizes, development of wellness programs, making better food choices and resources available to parents. 2. Emphasis on each food group with interactive group participation to name at least three healthy food items of choice 3. Name how healthy eating benefits the brain, heart and digestion, along with getting at least 60 minutes of exercise daily. C. Students will identify or select the healthier food items offered introduced at the beginning of presentation. 1. Choose MyPlate coloring activity will allow for a visual picture to reinforce the five food groups in a simple manner. 2. Draw three healthy food items on their MyPlate activity sheet. 3. Reinforce healthy eating habits with a take home pamphlet for the parents that describe 10 tips for healthy snacking. Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Evaluation of teaching and learning strategies were accurate, clear and appropriate for the second grade students. The teaching plan was simple and interactive to meet each individual learning need. The health promotion plan and activity outlined can be followed to teach other second grade students the importance of healthy eating habits using the free resources and information available on the website Choosemyplate.gov MyPlate Kid’s Place. The evaluation of learner objectives was measured by having the students re-evaluate their previous food item choice and compare it to the healthier food item. The scores were significantly higher were 92% the students identified and selected healthier food items listed. Open class discussion was used to determine if the teaching strategies used were appropriate for the students. The students expressed understanding and enjoying the class, the activities used and having a parent teaching the class. Positive feedback was given by the teacher present and students. The students were comfortable in their classroom setting, which is the appropriate environment for learning. The health promotion event was successful and effective in educating second grade students on healthy eating habits. The students expressed eagerness to share the resource pamphlet with their parents. The information shared would have been more effective and beneficial if the second graders parents were present, but studies show that second graders are influential in assisting parents make healthy eating choices for them with the information they learn. References Blais, K. K., & Hayes, J. S. (2011). Professional nursing practice: concepts and perspectives (6th ed.), New Jersey: Pearson U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 2010 Jacksonville University College of Health Sciences (2012). School of nursing mission. Retrieved March 25, 2014 from http://www.ju.edu/COHS/Pages/School-of-Nursing-Mission.aspx Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, May 2014. Retrieved from http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf U.S. Department of Agriculture. ChooseMyPlate.gov Website. Washington, DC. Color Sheet. Retrieved April 18, 2014 from http://www.choosemyplate.gov/kids/downloads/ColoringSheet.pdf U.S. Department of Agriculture. ChooseMyPlate.gov Website. Washington, DC. School Day Just Got Healthier. Retrieved April 18, 2014 from http://www.choosemyplate.gov/foodgroups/downloads/TenTips/DGTipsheet21SchoolDayJustGotHealthier.pdf

Defined the Three Different Types of Breach of Contract Essay

In Contracts there are many terms used that sometimes may get confusing. Other times it is hard to tell which words mean what and how to use them properly in a sentence; the word condition being one of them. There are so many uses for the word and it may be used as a form to explain more in-depth in a contract, so that there is no confusion, or questions asked in what was meant by in a statement. Conditioned is defined in a contact as a future uncertained event that creates or destroys rights and obligations. A condition is a contact clause that modifies the basic agreements between the parties. Conditions can be complexed as â€Å"if you do this†¦, I’ll do that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . There are different types of conditions, including implied, express, condition precedent and condition subsequent. It is legal and very common for contracts to have conditions. A condition can modify or rescind a contract. Conditions can also be based on certain action either of the parties themselves or some other outside action. A contract with no condition is â€Å"I promise to pay you $2,000 for your car†. A contract with a condition is â€Å"I promise to pay you $2,000 for your car, if a mechanic certifies it has no major mechanical problems. How can you tell if a contact has a condition you may ask, well its very simple, if the statements requires action to be taken for the contract to be enforced. An implied contract is one that is not stated in the contract and an expressed contract is one that is stated.

Approaches of Response to Intervention

Approaches of Response to Intervention Response to intervention (RTI) is a number of procedures, which can be used in determining why and how students respond to change in specific instructions (Muoneke, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Approaches of Response to Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More RTI approach provides advanced procedures for school in designing, implementing, and assessing educational interventions; it helps students who are having difficulties in learning (Muoneke, 2007). This paper will discuss about the response to intervention (RTI) approach. RTI approach has been designed to benefit students and education institutions. One of the greatest benefits of the RTI approach is that, it eliminates the ‘wait to fail† situations (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). With RTI approach, learners have access to immediate assistance and student’s learning difficulties are addressed directly. This reduces the chances of failu re because teachers tackle student’s problems before they get worse. Secondly, the RTI approach can be able to reduce the number of learners being referred for special education program. Considering that the RTI approach provides effective instructions and progress assessment, it has the potential of reducing the number of students being referred for special education while increasing the number of successful students (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). In addition to this, the RTI approach provides more useful instructions compared to the traditional approach (Muoneke, 2007). With the utilization of the student progress-monitoring program, the RTI approach is able to meet the needs of learners directly. Parents and teachers have observed this benefit. On the other hand, when trying to put into practice the RTI approach, they are numerous challenges that hinder this model from being fully effective.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first issue is the problem of limited progress and monitoring tools for secondary schools (Muoneke, 2007). According to Muoneke (2007), less attention has been focused in the secondary schools and this has resulted in having few tools for progress monitoring in schools. Due to the nature of the secondary school system such as departmental structure, there has been a shortage of progress and monitoring tools making it hard to implement this particular model. Secondly, there is the issue of funding. To ensure the RTI model is implemented successful, proper funding is required to enable the entire program to work properly. There is poor allocation of resources to support this model. This hinders meeting the needs of struggling students as required (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). The other challenging issue that must be addressed is redefining the roles of educators (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). While trying to implement the RTI approach in our schools, this issue is has emerged. The existing educators such as classroom teachers and educational service providers have not been given enough orientation (Muoneke, 2007). As such, there is need to redefine the roles of educators to ensure that the program becomes effective. For those schools already using the RTI approach, they are facing problems in clarifying the role of parents in this program (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). Notably, schools that have involved the parent in the RTI approach usually have positive results in student’s academic performance (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). However, most schools have not been able to describe the role of the parents in the RTI model. The involvement of the parents is helpful in promoting communication of the progress and monitoring program. There is need to clarify the role of parents when implementing the RTI model in schools (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Approaches of Response to Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another big challenge in our schools when implementing the RTI approach is incorporating culturally instructional practices (Muoneke, 2007). The use of cultural instructional from different backgrounds is beneficial to the students (Muoneke, 2007). However, it has been very challenging in selecting the cultural instructional that can be able to work with the students of different cultural background (Muoneke, 2007). Finally, most schools using this model experience problems of understanding the scaling up RTI implementation (Muoneke, 2007). Since RTI model is a new concept in education sector, a lot of time is required to develop guides that will facilitate understanding this model (Muoneke, 2007). However, until this is achieved, grading level will remain a big challenge for schools that are already using RTI approach. To ensure effective implementation of the RTI program, all major challenges affecting this model must be addressed. Teachers, parents, government, and all other involved stakeholders should work towards ensuring effective implementation of the RTI model, which is no doubt very beneficial. Different strategies can be employed to overcome the existing challenges. First, the government should focus its attention in supporting this program. It should provide schools with enough funds to facilitate implementation of the program. This will solve issues of funds shortage. Secondly, teachers and parents should be given enough orientation through training and education programs to sensitize on the utilization of the RTI approach (Muoneke, 2007). This will clarify the roles of parents in the school concerning this particular model. It will also help in redefining the role of teachers in making the model to become successful. To address the shortage of progress and monitoring tools in secondary school, the involved stakeholders and government should come in and emphas ize the need to focus attention to our secondary schools. The government should also provide financial support to increase the necessary tools for progress and monitoring to be effective in the school system (Muoneke, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are many advantages of intervening early in student’s learning experience. First, intervening early in children’s learning experience helps the parents and teachers to indentify young children who are at the risk of experiencing learning difficulties (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). The ability to recognize children with difficulties of learning enables the teachers and parents to develop policies that will facilitate learning among the affected learners. This helps in eradicating cases of school failure. Early intervention of children’s learning experiences facilitates social change. The situation in which teachers can be able to detect difficulties in learning abilities of certain students revolutionizes the way children’s needs are addressed (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). Detecting that a particular student has learning problems gives teachers opportunities to offer special care to the affected students. This facilitates positive change in the society. Apart f rom recognizing students with learning difficulties, early intervention of children’s learning experience helps in making children with special needs to be successful in their first school experiences (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). RTI approach offers the necessary solution. It is the first step in making sure the needs of students with learning difficulties are addressed. In summary, RTI approach is a developed system of instructions and intervention that has been created to cater for students with learning difficulties (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2006). There is no doubt that the RTI approach is useful and very beneficial in eliminating cases of school failure among the student. This model represents the latest improvements in education sector since it ensures that students with learning difficulties are assisted. Despite the challenges facing implementation of RTI approach, this model can bring positive changes in our schools. Reference List Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. (2006). Introduction to r esponse to intervention: What, why, and  how valid is it? Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 93–99. Muoneke, A. (2007). Response to Intervention (RtI): A Systematic Approach to Reading  and School Improvement. Retrieved from sedl.org/pubs/magazine/

Homosexuality Essays - Same-sex Sexuality, Sexual Orientation

Homosexuality Essays - Same-sex Sexuality, Sexual Orientation Homosexuality Summary Two billboards were covered up, yesterday, March 9, as the identity of the man responsible for them was revealed. These billboards angered the civic and gay rights leaders tremendously. Located in Staten Island, they condemned homosexuality by using verses from the Bible. The man responsible for this was Reverend Kristopher Okwedy of the Keyword Ministries in Staten Island. He paid $1,800 to post the two signs for one months time. These signs cited four translations of Leviticus 18:22. It read: Thou shall not lie with mankind as with womankind: it is abomination. These messages were covered up yesterday with McGruff the crime dog and Smokey the bear, when Guy V. Molinari, the Staten Island borough president denounced it, along with local gay leaders. Mr. Okwedys name had remained anonymous until yesterday, when the billboard company released it, with his permission of course. He felt that the company improperly censored him. In a statement he said: This is the land of the free, home of the brave. You are supposed to protect the rights of free speech. I paid money and did not violate any city laws. Donald Rosenthal, a lawyer for the union that owns the billboards, said that the signs were covered up because they did not disclose who paid for the messages. Mr. Okwerdy said, however, that he was never told that he had to put his name on them. He decided to remain anonymous, but would not have had a problem with revealing his name if asked. Daniel Master, legal counsel of Molinari, said that the message should not have been printed even with the name attached: A responsible member of the business community would not have printed this. Issue There are a couple of issues being discussed here. First of all, there is the issue of the first amendment. The first amendment gives the citizens of the United States the right to free speech. Does covering up the signs violate that right? Isnt he allowed to say what he pleases just as the billboard for a car or for a food franchise? The second issue is gay rights. Does this man have the right to bash homosexuals? If so, arent the homosexuals having their rights compromised by this billboard. Should the city allow for making so many people angry, uncomfortable and frustrated just because one man wants to have his say? Opinion I am a very big gay rights activist. I feel that they are people just as heterosexuals are, and blacks and Asians and everyone else for that matter. I hate when their rights as citizens and as human beings get violated by bigots and ignorant people. However, I also feel that the Bill of Rights provides laws for everyone, bigots included. So if a person wants to bash gay people, as long as he is not being violent, I feel that he should have the right to do so. The reason that the city gave for covering up the signs was very weak and implausible. Who cares if the person who put up the signs does not disclose his name? They were just getting a lot of pressure from the gay and civil rights activist, so they found a loophole to cover up the signs. This in no was excuses them from ridding a man his Constitutional rights of free speech and free press.

How to Write an Informal Essay

How to Write an Informal Essay How to Write an Informal Essay Purpose of an Informal Essay The purpose of an informal essay is mainly for entertainment and enjoyment. An information essay is written in a relaxed style, but still has a definite structure to it. When writing an information essay, you are free to express your opinion more openly than with a formal essay. Informal essays are used to write about personal experiences, controversies, news issues, etc. Unlike a formal essay, an informal essay has a conversational or amusing tone, to appeal to the reader’s sense of fascination. Informal essays are not necessarily politically correct because they are of a laid back nature. Segments of an Informal Essay Even though an essay is informal, it still needs to be written with an organized structure to it with the following segments: The Purpose The Title The Body The Conclusion Purpose Even though this type of essay is informal, you still need a valid thesis statement that gives the reader an idea of the purpose of the essay. This would be the main idea of your topic. Title Just like with a formal essay, your title is an important element of your essay. The title often lets a person know whether or not your essay is worth their time. Many people will read an essay just because of its title. The title should persuade the reader and let them know the main idea of the essay. Body With an informal essay, you can use a few effective techniques for the body. For example, you can use the ‘compression’ technique. This stresses the important points of the essay to the reader. Another technique is ‘time inversion’. With this, you begin the essay by detailing the middle part of the story first and then go from there. Yet, another informal essay writing technique is called ‘withholding’, where you provoke questions from the readers but you do not give them the information. ‘Foreshadowing’ is another informal technique that uses a thriller connotation and remains unpredictable to the reader. No matter what technique you use, the body of your essay gives the reader a full view of your essay topic. The body of the essay describes the main content of your story. The body should also contain all of the key points about the topic, and it is good for the essay to contain a paragraph on each key point. Conclusion As with any essay, the conclusion sums up all of the key points, the purpose, and the topic. In addition, all of this should tie back into your introduction and summarize the purpose of the essay. Also, with an informal essay, be sure that it still has structure even though it is written for pleasure purposes. At you will get quality informal essay help from certified academic writers. All custom informal essays are of the finest quality and written from scratch. Fill in the order form now!

Digital Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Digital Security - Essay Example Digital security devices include secure personal devices such as SIM cards, smart-card based USB tokens, e-passports, secure chips in contactless payment cards, and they give an individual the freedom to shop, communicate, travel, work and bank using his or her digital identity in a manner that is enjoyable, convenient and secure. Therefore, digital security is of utmost important since a lot of information is available on the various digital platforms. Some is personal or private information and some is extremely sensitive information. Therefore, any person or firm needs to put in place security measures that ensure that the security of systems is not breached. This paper examines computer security principles, cryptology and its associated applications and secure software engineering. Computer Security Principles There are many methods and approaches that are used to secure computer systems. However, specific intrinsic expectations have to be met regardless of whether the system is large or small, or is owned by a private organization of by a government. Therefore, there exists generally accepted system security. These principles usually address computer security from an extremely high-level point, and are to be applied when developing computer security policy and programs, and in the creation of new systems, policies and practices (Guttman & Swanson, 1996). Thus, practices encompass broad areas such as accountability, integration and cost-effectiveness. Principles differ from practices in the sense that the latter guides organizations on the types of objectives, procedures and controls that constitute an effective computer security program. Principle 1: Computer Security Supports the Organization’s Mission The aim of computer security is to protect the valuable resources of an organization. These include software, hardware and information. By selecting and applying adequate safeguards, computer security supports a firm’s mission by protecting it s financial and physical resources, legal position, reputation, employees and other intangible and tangible assets (NIST, 1995). Sometimes security can be viewed as a nuisance due to the rules and procedures that are imposed on systems, users and managers. However, well-chosen security procedures and rules are there to protect significant assets as well as support the overall mission of the firm. As such, security should be viewed as a means to an end, and not an end in itself. Take an example of a private business. Usually, making profit is primary while good security is secondary. Therefore, security should be able to support this primary goal of making profit. Principle 2: Computer Security is an Integral Element of Sound Management Information and computer systems are crucial assets that support an organization’s mission. Protecting these systems is as important as the protection of other organizational resources such as employees, physical assets and money. It should be observed that the inclusion of security considerations in managing computers and information does not totally eradicate the possibility that the assets might be harmed. According to Hayden & Feringa (2004), this is why the managers of an organization have to decide the level of risk that they are ready to accept, taking into the account the costs associated with security controls. When a firm’

Meeting the Customer Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Meeting the Customer Needs - Essay Example ..8 The relation between the operation management and customer satisfaction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Chapter 3: Understanding the gaps within the services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 5 Gap Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Chapter 4: Assessment of the customer needs (Research work)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Questionnaire design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Chapter 5: Measuring the customer expectations from the survey†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......17 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....19 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..22 Abstract: The market is incomplete if the customers are missing. The customers are the revenue generators for the business houses. For any business empire whether it is small or big, the primary focus is how to retain their existing customers and h ow to acquire new customers. To retain the existing customers the in-depth understanding of the customer needs is very important. ... Customer needs are the base of any business. However, the most important question is how to know the specific needs of the customers related to some specific products? The marketing research plays the vital role in this case. The survey design and the questionnaire design play the major role to identify the customer needs. Through the proper data collection and analyzing the data are the most appropriate way to find out the customer needs and to satisfy the needs accordingly. In this particular case the target organization is the McDonald’s. Introduction: Maintaining a great service quality and the product quality are all about understanding the requirements of the customers and delivering the tailor-made services to satisfy them. Understanding the customer behavior is another very important factor to be focused on. However, these are the basic rules to delivering satisfying services. The measurement of the steps taken towards the customer satisfaction is also very important. The primary and secondary data are important to support the outcome of the services related to the customer satisfaction. In regards to this research, the secondary data used are gathered from the Internet, journals and other publications in order to get basic information about the nature of the influences of the customer satisfaction. And the primary data are collected from the survey made from the sample size of 50 people selected randomly. McDonald’s has been taken as the target brand in this case. The whole paper is stratified into five chapters and each chapter has its own relevance to prove the importance of the customer satisfaction to win the customers. Chapter 1: The brief about the selected organization (McDonald’s): McDonald’s is

The Book After The Fact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Book After The Fact - Essay Example Whether for a historical methods course or for an introductory survey, this book is the perfect text to introduce readers, stepwise, to the analytical approaches and detective work that historians use when they are actually doing history. The authors of the book are both are both history professors and historians who have specialized in American history and they draw their work from the history of the USA to provide illustrations of the ideas they are interested in describing. Each chapter of the book is dedicated to an individual detection technique that can be applied in depth to explore and renovate past events. The main idea behind the book is communicated in an extensive introduction that looks at the life of an 18th C diplomat called Silas Deane, whose death was nothing less than mysterious death (Davidson and Mark, 88). The book illustrates how historical investigation is equivalent to the seemingly more exciting detective work used to solve mysterious in tv, movies and real l ife. I must say that; through this work, we are able to uncover the truth of what happened in the past. The authors take people and/or events in the USA history and write chapters on the events representing techniques and methods used in writing and studying history. To some people this may seem boring- but fact is, it is not. The reality is an interesting look at events- some known other not clear- that reminds us that good narratives are required for good history and historians must use numerous diverse techniques and methods to get the information they require to completely and appropriately write the narratives. In chapter one, the authors examine the significance of the selection of evidence even if its real importance may not appear understandable at first. The authors focus on early settlement of Virginia as an example. The Virginia settlement is a vital historical subject in America especially because it is one of the earliest English settlements in the United States of Amer ica. Until today, there is still a good deal of written description about Virginia settlement that survives despite the fact that much of the written records about the settlement have been lost (Davidson and Mark, 9). The most remembered historical account is that of Captain John smith, whose swashbuckling tale gives emphasis to his own involvement and importance. Smith witnessed a Native American ritual of some form and described it in writing. As demonstrated by the authors, Smith’s account, however, was given in terms that were similar to him and would have been familiar to his readers. Unknown to him was the intended meaning of the traditional roles and ritual of the people involved. Some other prove is found in the dry accounts of financial transactions and court decisions, which include an order necessitating Virginia settlers to plant at least two acres of corn while at the same time forbidding them from burning hay to dry tobacco. If you have read this book, then you will certainly agree with me that it is possible to know truth about the past historical events. History is a very interesting that every person should fall in love with. The chapters in the book combine one incident and one aspect on the way historians go about doing what they love best-history. For example, the chapter of the Salem witch trials tells us a rather interesting story while at the some time introducing the reader painlessly to the historical perceptions of community dynamics, demographics, multiple causations, and the status of women in the 17th C New England (Davidson and

ENG Comp II- TCP Task 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ENG Comp II- TCP Task 1 - Research Paper Example In this context, Al-Azmi (2013) has provided lots of information on how user behaviors, expectations, and needs are being studied. This paper is selected as a reference since Al-Azmi’s (2013) excellent literature review helps the reader to understand the might of cognitive technologies at full length, especially in the realm of business intelligence. Al-Azmi is a qualified computer engineer with extensive experience in writing journal articles and scientific papers. Bentivoglio, C. A., Bonura, D., Cannella, V., Carletti, S., Pipitone, A., Pirrone, R., .Rossi, P.G. & Russo, G. (2010). Intelligent Agents supporting user interactions within self regulated learning processes.  Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society,  6, 27-36. The authors of this journal article clearly show that how adoption of cognitive technologies has proved to be instrumental in improving user satisfaction and performance. Hence, Bentivoglio et al (2010) are of the opinion that development of cognitive tools and techniques with self-regulatory capabilities can give better results. This paper has been selected because the authors have explained several advanced concepts with the help of real world examples. Carlo A. Bentivoglio is a science education specialist from the University of Macerata. Implementation of cognitive technologies in education is one of his team’s current research interests. In this journal article, Dascal and Dror (2005) have successfully attempted to contextualize cognitive technologies as per the demands of contemporary world. The authors show that the cognitive tools can be put in use to improve user performance by the means of process redistributions, semantic understanding of things, text mining, etc. The paper is selected for present research because it contains an exhaustive coverage of the topic that how people can benefit most from intelligences tools and cognitive methods. The authors Dascal (Tel-Aviv University) and Dror (University College of London)

Air pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Air pollution - Essay Example The world today is facing many disasters that include various forms of pollution. The most dangerous pollution that is accelerating at a very fast pace is air pollution. The pollution of the air is important as it effects the environment and provides for long lasting effects. The main cause of air pollution that is most evident is the lack of concern and measures for controlling air pollution. The motor vehicles provide for the most important cause of air pollution and the lack of installation of emission control devices adds noxious gases into the atmosphere. The industries are also major contributors to harmful gases into the environment. The installation of devices which filter these harmful gases is expensive. It is for this purpose that these devices are not used and the environment is polluted (Turk et al 1974). The ignorance and lack of attention for tackling air pollution can provide to affect the present and the future of Earth. People living in urban areas are highly affected by air pollution but still fail to understand the complexity of the situation. Elderly people and those with pulmonary diseases are advised to stay indoors to avoid the harmful substances in the air as these pollutants would worsen their health condition. Other people who are exposed to these obnoxious substances in the air may complain of stinging eyes, irritated sinuses and scratchy throats. The air pollution is spreading at a fast pace and the rural areas which were considered to be clean and pure from harmful substances are not safe anymore either  (Williamson 1973). Air pollution not only effects human beings but it also tends to affect other forms of life. The trees, flowers and crops are also affected. Trees can be of assistance in keeping the air clean but the life of trees has also been reduced. The animals are also exposed to the hazardous substances in the

Philosophy- The Problem of Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy- The Problem of Evil - Essay Example Evil can be defined as anything which is morally wrong, inhuman, or brings destruction to life and liberty. The idea of evil can be applied to thoughts, actions, persons or even objects. There is an accepted relationship between good and evil that one can not exist without the other and often both are objective viewpoints and faces of the same coin. At the surface, it is a simple concept which even children will understand that evil is representative of actions and deeds which hurt other people but in theological terms it is often seen a problem that requires explanations (Surin, 2004). I believe in the position forwarded by Nash (1994), who suggests that being certain of God’s existence is not central to the understanding of why evil exists or prevails. In the fourth chapter of his book, he outlines the idea of freewill and how the existence of human beings gives them the power to perform their actions as they choose. While God allows evil to occur, God does not condone it and the concept of justice is as attached to the idea of evil as the theme of reward is connected with the idea of moral behavior. Rene Descartes was a famous French philosopher who took a different approach to define the problem of evil. He has been called the father of modern philosophy because of his thoughts on reason and the existence of the self. His primal work on the concept of evil is considered to be Meditations on First Philosophy which is fundamentally a search for the truth. In Meditations, Descartes seeks out facts which a person can arrive at without any doubt. Like a skeptic, he considers everything and doubts everything which can be doubted even his own senses as if he is being fooled by a dream created by a supremely powerful evil entity. While dreaming is not explored in his works, the concept of an evil entity is examined in some detail. He considers deception to be the embodiment of evil because evil functioning as

Air pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Air pollution - Essay Example The world today is facing many disasters that include various forms of pollution. The most dangerous pollution that is accelerating at a very fast pace is air pollution. The pollution of the air is important as it effects the environment and provides for long lasting effects. The main cause of air pollution that is most evident is the lack of concern and measures for controlling air pollution. The motor vehicles provide for the most important cause of air pollution and the lack of installation of emission control devices adds noxious gases into the atmosphere. The industries are also major contributors to harmful gases into the environment. The installation of devices which filter these harmful gases is expensive. It is for this purpose that these devices are not used and the environment is polluted (Turk et al 1974). The ignorance and lack of attention for tackling air pollution can provide to affect the present and the future of Earth. People living in urban areas are highly affected by air pollution but still fail to understand the complexity of the situation. Elderly people and those with pulmonary diseases are advised to stay indoors to avoid the harmful substances in the air as these pollutants would worsen their health condition. Other people who are exposed to these obnoxious substances in the air may complain of stinging eyes, irritated sinuses and scratchy throats. The air pollution is spreading at a fast pace and the rural areas which were considered to be clean and pure from harmful substances are not safe anymore either  (Williamson 1973). Air pollution not only effects human beings but it also tends to affect other forms of life. The trees, flowers and crops are also affected. Trees can be of assistance in keeping the air clean but the life of trees has also been reduced. The animals are also exposed to the hazardous substances in the

List and Discuss some key values and practices you consider vital to Essay

List and Discuss some key values and practices you consider vital to enhancing citizen's participation in creating sustainable a - Essay Example Personal commitment & practices No environmental protection activity would taste success unless it gets public attention and cooperation. Since people are responsible for majority of the environmental destruction activities, educating the public about the necessities of environmental protection and sustainable development is a must. A slight change in the public behaviour can bring dividends in protecting the environment. For example, billions of plastic carry bags have been used daily by the people all over the world while they conduct shopping. Plastic is the number one villain in destroying environment since it is not a biodegradable material. Instead of using plastic carry bags for shopping, if public started to use paper carry bags or other environmental friendly carry bags, the use of plastic can be reduced considerably. Each person should make a conscious effort to reduce his plastic consumption as much as possible so that the environment will be benefitted immensely. In short , individuals can contribute heavily to the environmental protection activities by avoiding plastic material. ... So, farmers should try to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers as much as possible and they should use bio fertilizers as much as possible even if the yields are slightly less. Participating governmental bodies Environmental impacts cannot be confined to the political boundaries of nation states. Pollutants from one country often travel to others, activities within a country can affect the environment of another, and the depletion of the ozone layer or changes in climate due to the release of green house gases affect us all(Singh and Singh, 2006, p.9). Participation of the governmental bodies is important for the success of environmental protection activities. Since individuals have limitations in controlling the group activities, the intervention of governmental bodies is necessary to execute the environmental protection laws in a society. For example, it is difficult for an individual to check or control the emission of greenhouse gases from vehicles. Only the governmental agenci es can check the smokes coming out from the vehicles and ask the drivers or vehicle owners to do the needful. Governmental bodies can play a vital role in reducing the usage of plastic materials. As mentioned earlier, governmental bodies can ask the retailers to provide only environmental friendly carry bags to the shoppers. Consumers or shoppers have limitations in compelling or insisting the shop owners to provide paper bags or other bags manufactured from environmental friendly materials. â€Å"In most countries there are laws that regulate point pollution from specific sources, and making emission statistics public. This practice would not only

Boiler and Auxiliaries Identification

Boiler and Auxiliaries Identification OBJECTIVES To identify all major external components associated with gas fired boilers. To describe the function of all major components. THE FIVE MAJOR EXTERNAL COMPONENTS OF A GAS FIRED BOILER FEED-WATER SYSTEM Water supply and backflow preventer: The water supply comes direct from the city, and then finally into the boiler. A backflow preventer is a device used to prevent backflow. It does this through an air gap used to provide a barrier to the backflow. Water softener system: Water softeners are for pre-treatment equipment for boiler feed water, cooling towers, entire water supply and various types of process water. Feed-water tank: The feed water is put in to the steam drum from a feed pump. In the steam drum the feed water is then turned into steam from the heat. After the steam is used it is then dumped to the main condenser. From the condenser it is then pumped to the feed tank. Feed-water tank drain valves: It provides a connection for water to enter the water tank, a connection for the tank drain, a connection for a tank pressure relief valve, a connection for an air inlet valve or a water pressure gauge, and a connection for water to leave the tank to enter the buildings water piping system. Feed-water tank sight glass: A sight glass is a transparent tube through which the operator of a tank or boiler can observe the level of liquid contained within. Feed-water tank temperature indication: The feed-water tank temperature indication enables the plant operator to monitor/control feed-water heater levels and decrease their plants heat rate. Feed-water tank temperature control valve and sensor: This helps to control scaling, corrosion, and eventually hot spots and tube failures. Chemical pumps and sampling system: The chemical pumps feed systems treat feed-water and condition blowdown sludge against corrosion and scaling Boiler 1 2 feed-water pump: The pump 1 2 are used to pump feed-water into a steam boiler. The water that is supplied or returning condensate produced as a result of the condensation of the steam produced by the boilers. BOILER SYSTEMS A boiler system is simply a process used to heat up water by the means of a gas or oil-fired burner which then converts the water into steam. The steam travels through various pipes to the convectors and then generates heat used to warm the room. After a while the steam cools by condensing into water, and returns to the boiler to be heated again. BOILER AIR / FUEL SYSTEMS The boiler fuel system comprise of various units that is used create steam by applying heat energy to water. The fuel source releases its energy in the form of combustion taking place inside the boiler furnace for the boiler to convert water to steam. Main fuel line: Supplies the fuel gas from outside the plant to the boiler Fuel metering and regulation system: Regulates the quantity of fuel gas that is been supplied into the boiler. Main fuel shutoff valves: As fuel enters through the main fuel line, the valves allow for easy shut-off of fuel flow to the boiler. Main burner pressure regulators: If natural gas and air are inside the boiler when the burner is lit, the boiler can explode. Therefore, boiler steam pressure and water level are monitored and controlled by means of burner pressure regulator. Low and high pressure switches: For sensing fluid pressure. The pressure-sensing element are arranged to respond to the difference of two pressures. Blower motors: Power the fans that distribute heat throughout the boiler. Air Dampers: Controls the flow of air through the boiler. Igniters: Converts the fuel that is being fed into the boiler through the main fuel line into heat by lighting a connected burner. Flame scanners: Monitor the boiler fires and detect the presence or absence of flame in a boiler. STEAM SYSTEM, EXHAUST STEAM AND CONDENSATE: STEAM SYSTEM As the boiler heats up the water that generates steam, the steam travels at a very high pressure through various valves, a low pressure turbine, and is then exhausted into the condenser. The valves are used to maintain a set pressure in other to protect most of the steam components which is used to rotate the turbine. The stop valve is used to stop the steam as it flows into the turbine in case of any problem that could damage the turbine. The check valve is used to control the amount of steam which flows into the turbine thereby controls the speed of the turbine when it is connected to the grid used to generate electricity by the help of an attached generator. CONDENSATE The final place for the steam that is produced in the boiler is the condenser. In the condenser, the steam turns back into water by means of a heat exchanger which condenses the steam into liquid by cooling. EXHAUST STEAM: The exhaust steam is used to release the steam that no longer has enough heat energy after it has being used. BLOW-DOWN SYSTEM During the process of the steam generated, if any impurity carry over with the steam it would cause overheating in the superheater tubes. The blowdown system is used to prevent deposit of impurities into other surface like the turbine blades. DISCUSSIONS What did you learn about the equipment or technique? In this lab experiment, I have learnt about the five major external components of a gas fired boiler. How each stages is essential for generating steam. It is important to thoroughly understand the need for boiler to generate steam can also be catastrophic when no proper care is put in place. What problems were encountered? The few problems that could be encountered are as follow: If there is no safety valves installed on top of the boiler to protect the steam system components from over pressure, As fuel enters through the main fuel line, the valves that allow for easy shut-off of fuel flow to the boiler is broken causing fuel leakage that could cause fire outbreak. How this equipment or technique could be applied to chemical production? In chemical production, the equipment or technique could be applied to chemical production for the following reasons: As water heats up and converts to steam, the steam is used to power or rotate the blades of the turbines for generating electric which provides the voltage and current used to power other electrical equipment for the chemical production. The steam could be used for processing chemical products by means of sterilization. The steam could be used to power heating and air conditioning units in the chemical production plant. CONCLUSION The Process flow and P ID diagram gave me the opportunities to have a broader understanding a boiler system and how each components work to generate steam. REFERENCES Boiler: power generation. Retrieved from: Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boile (power_generation) Main steam supply and Feedwater system. Retrieved from: Candu https://canteach.candu.org/Content%20Library/19930205.pdf

Trip Like I Do :: Essays Papers

Trip Like I Do Force and counterforce, resistance and power. What is the space and relation of one to the other? Are they to be understood as in parasitic or symbiotic relation? Does the yes need a no for its function, and in what ways? Could there be a â€Å"war† on Iraq without protests of such brutal possibilities? Slavoj Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek’s â€Å"The Seven Veils of Fantasy† provides a relation of sincere hypocrisy within but ostensibly against ideology. Fantasy squirms throughout the piece as concealment of horror, creation of horror to be concealed, and vital sustaining support of an ideological edifice. Effectively, not taking ideology seriously and consistently is crucial to its survival; this sort of resistance is already internal to power in this analysis. Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek’s painting of the space between ideology and resistance - the counterpower Foucault seems to have missed that is lodged already within power itself - fails to take its own acrylic depth seriously . And like a depth charge too, this catabolizes what remains of ideology itself in a bubbling broth wrenched from the ingredients that might fill it. To begin with, his conception of fantasy takes some descriptive moves to defend its apparently ridiculous presumptions. Upon reading it, the article’s quick acceptance of fantasy as distinct from a reality and external to it seems unimaginative and inexcusable. Yet, fantasy is not unreal for any reason but the old one: the terms are counterdefined and a matched pair of a dichotomy - people think so. â€Å"The aim of psychoanalytic treatment is thus to (re)focus attention from factual accuracy to hysterical lies, which unknowingly articulate the truth† (37). Your truth in terms of, uh, ours. Whereas fantasy can be experienced as completely compelling reality, Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek nearly denudes it of alternative associations and frameworks. For him, fantasy cannot take a hold any more important than one inhering to desire, the real, and all the rest. His work ensconces it within the terms of a language/system - which itself is treated as something previous and joined, such that its conclusions can be presumed as already present. Not that his argument is circular, but the language that Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek joins in order to strike such gymnastic maneuvers need not be taken as already ensuring the division of fantasy as an extricable parasite within a real.

The Use of Symbols and Symbolism in Homers Odyssey :: Odyssey essays

The Use of Symbolism in Homer's Odyssey There are three signs in the Odyssey which are quite significant to the epic and are symbolic of different things. The first sign is the scar, the second sign is the bow and the third sign is the bed. "Note the importance of signs in the works of Homer, such as the sign of the burning ship in the Iliad. Then there is a long flashback telling how Odysseus got the scar and the significance of it. The scar is symbolically important, for it defines who he is -- and what he is. The scar-flashback starts with the naming of Odysseus by his grandfather Autolykos, who was the world's greatest thief. There Autolykus says, since he has caused pain to people all over the world (the Greek verb odyussai) the boy will be called Odysseus. Odysseus is one who both gives pain and also suffers it. Then we get the long description of the hunt in which Odysseus gets the scar. This is a type of male initiation ritual, where the men of the family or tribe take the young man on an animal hunt so he can prove himself in the company of men. Such rituals often involve scarring or ritual mutilation, and here Odysseus achieves notable deeds by killing the fierce boar (giving pain) but also receiving pain and a scar as token of his accomplishments"(chss.montclair.edu/classics/ODYNOTES19TO24.HTML). "IN the folk-tale told about the husband who comes home after years of absence, so changed by time and Fortune's hard usage that he must adduce proof after proof of his identity before his wife will admit his claim, the first Sign to be exhibited is the scar. This he reveals first to an aged dame, his old nurse, perhaps the only woman then alive in the world who was familiar with its appearance and history. For naturally the first token must not be of a kind so intimate and convincing as to make the wife's unreadiness to respond to it appear capricious and unreasonable. To this extent Homer has adopted the ancient tale"(questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5372374). "The book ends with another sign of the great sympathy that exists between the two, as Penelope admits she could gladly spend all night talking with Odysseus. The beggar has accomplished his mission of winning her confidence and now can see the means by which he might kill the suitors -- the bow" (chss.

Care of the Malnourished Elderly Patient

Table of Contents Page numbers Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Chapter 1 / Introduction Origin of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Significance or Importance of the Problem for Nursing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-8 Problem Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Purpose of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Hypothesis- Null and Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 9 Definition of Terms.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9-10 Assumptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 10 Chapte r II/Review of Literature Review of Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11-16 Chapter III/Methodology and Research Design Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Variables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17-18 Selection of Subjects and Research Setting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18-19 Data Collection Instruments †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 19 Statistical Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦. 20 Data Collection Procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 APPENDICESA. Request for Permission to Survey Participants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 22 B. Nutritional Assessme nt Survey†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦23-26 REFERENCES . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27-28 Chapter I. Introduction Origin of the Problem In our society, malnutrition and under-nutrition is a rising problem for the older adult population. Approximately 35%-85% of residents living in a long-term care facility, 60% of hospitalized older adults, and an estimate of 5%-10% of older adults living in community settings are malnourished (Maher and Eliadi, n. d. ).These statistics sadly show that hospitalized and long-term care patients are more likely to become under nourished compared to the elderly population in the community. According to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI, 2007), malnutrition ca n lead to serious or adverse health outcomes. Malnutrition has been linked to lengthy hospital stays with higher complications, morbidity, mortality, and frequent visits to their general practitioner (JBI, 2007). There are several risk factors (i. e. physical, psychosocial, social, and medical factors) that lead to malnutrition (Maher & Eliadi, n. . ). It is predicted that by 2030, the elderly population in the United States will double in size and exceed 70 million people. In light of these predictions, addressing the nutritional needs of the elderly will reach epic proportions and become a complex issue. Based on clinical observation, the signs and symptoms of malnutrition and under nutrition are often overlooked. Observing residents in a clinical setting at a local long- term health care facility precipitated our interest in this problem with malnutrition.The majority of elderly people living in care homes either have dementia, suffer from some form of physical disability, or hav e difficulty swallowing, which restricts them from adequately hydrating and nurturing themselves. With dementia, they usually do not remember how to eat or how to chew. With various physical disabilities, such as upper extremity contractures, their ability to feed themselves is often limited. In the event of swallowing difficulties, their food preference is often altered to prevent choking or aspiration.This often discourages them from eating due to the texture of the diet ordered. With the issues fore-stated, the residents often have to rely on the staff to assist them with meals. Caregivers often contribute to the problem of malnutrition because not enough time is devoted to assisting and supervising the residents to ensure they are eating properly. It is our job as caregivers to know the signs of malnutrition and risk factors that lead to malnutrition so that it can be detected and reported to the physician or dietitian early, before major problems occur.Various nutritional scree ning tools, assessment tools, studies, and research programs are available to help isolate and provide aggressive preventive treatment strategies for those at risk. The Nutritional Form for the Elderly (NUFFE), Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) are instrumental in detecting and providing interventions to decrease morbidity and mortality. These various studies help support the fact that malnutrition is overlooked, unrecognized, and left untreated by nurses and healthcare professionals.Other studies find that even though malnutrition was identified, no interventions were put into place to treat this growing concern. Significance of the Problem for Nursing In a hospital based setting, there are several different groups and departments that deal with patient care. These departments and groups consist of nutritionists, doctors, social workers and other disciplines. However, the nurses are ultimately responsible for the entire care of the patient throughout their stay.Nurses realize that many elderly patients come into the hospital undernourished or malnourished related to their being on a fixed income, having reduced access to food, having poor knowledge of nutrition, or being dependent on others for food preparation. These elderly patients sometimes have chronic illness such as depression, cancer, diabetes, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease that leads to malnutrition or under- nutrition (Briggs 2007). Under-nutrition is a wide spread problem that usually results in the elderly staying in the hospital longer related to a delay in recovery, more complications, and higher mortality rate.That is why it is important for nurses to do a detailed assessment upon admission to prevent these issues or problems. It is the nurse’s responsibility to gather all the background information about a patient during the assessment period. This will help to diagnose the nutritional status from the beginning of the pat ient’s care. Some of the information that is collected during this time, such as the patient’s mental status, allows the nursing team to identify if the patient is oriented or has problems with dementia.According to Briggs’ 2007 article, dementia is a common cause of under nutrition, as are the adverse effects of medications, such as digoxin and some anti-depressants. Antihistamines, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and lithium zinc deficiency can alter a patient’s taste and smell. For this reason, the nurse needs to collect a medication list that is current (Briggs 2007). During this process, nurses should ask questions that will reveal information about the patient’s medical history. This is done to identify possible diseases that have an effect on the patient’s nutritional status.Nurses should use all resources available to them after collecting data to assist with care of the patient. It is important for the nurse to know the po licies and procedures at the current hospital to consult specialists in order to improve patient care. This allows each department access to review the patient’s medical information and provide patient care as needed. Nurses are the primary caregivers for elderly patients in the hospital. When a malnourished patient is admitted nurses often develop plans of care to assist patients with improving their nutrition.Some of the ways that have been recommended are serving food at the appropriate temperature, providing food that is packed with nutrients, offering food that the patient enjoys eating, and giving oral supplements throughout the day to increase caloric intake. A good tip that nurses could use would be to always offer food or drinks when entering the patient’s room. From this research we know that poverty is one reason for malnutrition. When developing a plan of care for this patient the nurses can solicit the help of a social worker to help find resources to save money and provide food (Mayo Clinic, 2011).Malnutrition is a significant problem in nursing because it alters the type of care a nurse can provide. For instance, if a wound already exists, malnourished patients are at a higher risk for decreased wound healing. The nurse will then have to improve the nutritional status before proper wound healing can occur. The malnourished individual can become very weak and is thereby prone to falls. The impoverished elderly patient may not only be malnourished but have insufficient funds to purchase needed supplies, such as diabetic test strips and glucose monitoring systems.This could also lead to weakness and the development of further complications. Nurses need to ensure that daily weights and labs are obtained to track the progress of each patient. Malnutrition may seem secondary in nature, but it can grow into a monumental problem. Problem Statement Do registered nurses use evidence-based standards in the care of elderly hospitalized patient s who are undernourished? Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to examine registered nurses usage of evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients.Hypothesis Research Hypothesis: Registered nurses use evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients. Null Hypothesis: Registered nurses do not use evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this study, the following terms have been defined: 1. Undernourished- defined as an imbalance of nutrients caused by either an excess intake of nutrients or a nutritional deficit. (Maher & Eliadi, n. d. ) 2. Older Adults- Age 64 or older. Maher & Eliadi, n. d. ) 3. Associate Degree Registered Nurse- Registered nurses (RN’s) provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members. Registered nurses must also become licensed by passing a national licensing examination. An associate degree is an academic degree awarded on satisfactory completion of a 2-year course of study, usually at a junior college. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012) (Elsevier, 2009) 4.Evidence-Based Practice- the use of scientific evidence, integrated with clinical experience and incorporating patient values and preferences in the practice of professional nursing care. (Houser, 2012, p. 12) 5. Hospital Setting- a health care facility that provides inpatient beds, continuous nursing services, and an organized medical staff. (Elsevier, 2009) Assumptions 1. If caregivers feed elderly patients, then the proper amount of the meal will be consumed. 2. Registered nurses help to prevent malnutrition in elderly patients. 3. The adequate amount of protein consumed in an elderly patient’s diet prevents malnourishment. . Registered nurses provide help with dietary interven tions of the undernourished. 5. If the proper screening tools are performed on admission, the elderly patient’s weight will improve. Summary People in this nation are living longer. As recognized throughout this research, malnutrition in the elderly patient is at an extremely high level. It is not only the nursing home patients experiencing undernourishment but the hospitalized elderly patients also. Malnutrition is prevalent throughout the elderly community. Through using evidence based practice tandards, malnutrition tools, and education strategies this dilemma can be improved. CHAPTER II. Review of the Literature Undernourishment has long been a prevalent problem among the elderly, especially in an acute-care setting. It has been a long-standing challenge for health-care providers to determine the most effective process for identifying those that are undernourished, at-risk for undernourishment, as well as intervening promptly and appropriately. A review of literature was done to examine registered nurses usage of evidence-based standards in the care of undernourished elderly hospitalized patients.Much of the literature supports the use of nutritional screenings to identify undernourished patients and reduce the number of those patients in the hospital setting. Undernourishment is often referred to as malnutrition. The effects of malnutrition, which is the inadequate consumption of essential nutrients, are very devastating to the health of an individual. As well-known among healthcare providers, inadequate nutrition can prolong wound healing, suppress the immune system, lead to increased length-of-stay, and increase the risk of mortality from comorbidities.The article entitled, â€Å"How well do nurses recognize malnutrition in elderly patients,† describes how well nurses are able to recognize the problem of undernourished patients and if care is being provided to these patients. There are numerous methods that can be used in determining if a patient is malnourished. In this study Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Body Mass Index (BMI), and a detailed questionnaire was used. The MNA is a simple, reliable, and well-validated tool used to determine a patient’s nutritional status.MNA gives a maximum of 30 points. A score of less than 17 indicates the patient is undernourished, while a MNA of 17-23. 5 shows a patient is at risk for malnutrition. BMI is another tool used in determining the status of a patient’s nutritional state. In this study a BMI of less than 20 is considered to be high risk for malnutrition. A questionnaire was given to nurses to determine daily routines related to nutritional care such as amount of food consumed at each meal, snacks between meals, and any oral nutritional supplements given.The study examined elderly patients in a long-term care unit in Helsinki City hospitals in Finland to determine if nurses are able to recognize undernourished patients and if adequate care was provided ( Suominen, Sandelin, Soini, & Pitkala, 2009). The above study included 1,043 elderly hospitalized patients for a two-week period. The nurses measured the BMI of patients as well as their MNA, but the nurses were not aware of the values to determine an undernourished state. In addition, the nurses were asked if they believed the patients were malnourished by simply marking yes or no.The nurses that performed the study participated in a 3-hour course to learn how to organize the study, assess the patients, and to complete the questionnaire (Suominen et al,. 2009). The results of the study, â€Å"How well do nurses recognize malnutrition in elderly patients,† revealed that malnutrition is not recognized by nurses and therefore results in the inability to provide evidence-based care to the patients. The results showed that 56. 7% were malnourished with an MNA

Development of Agriculture in Nigeria

Since 1974 the Bank has committed $1. 2 billion for Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) to increase farm production and welfare among smallholders in Nigeria. OED reviewed five ADPs and a supporting Agricultural Technical Assistance Project (ATAP), all implemented between 1979 and 1990. Only two of the six projects had satisfactory outcomes. In general, rainfed agricultural production was far below projections. Macroeconomic conditions, some national policies, and particular design and implementation problems prevented a more significant impact. Low-cost irrigated development of lowland areas (fadama) was, however, quite successful. Village water supply components exceeded their targets. The ADPs have evolved to be â€Å"permanent† institutions for rural infrastructural development and agricultural services, but their role vis-a-vis the regular state departments needs to be reviewed. ADP concept The ADPs were designed in response to a fall in agricultural productivity, and hence a concern to sustain domestic food supplies, as labor had moved out of agriculture into more remunerative activities that were benefitting from the oil boom. Conversely, domestic recycling of oil income provided the opportunity for the government, with Bank support, to develop the ADPs. The projects provided agricultural investment and services, rural roads, and village water supplies. The government's adoption of the ADP concept put the smallholder sector at the center of the agricultural development strategy, and marked a clear shift away from capital-intensive investment projects for selected areas of high agricultural potential. The first ADPs in Nigeria were enclave projects each covering a specific region within a state. Their early results impressed both the federal and state governments, and there was pressure to replicate the approach across whole states. By 1989 all Nigeria's then 19 states had ADPs. (See Box. ) Two of the projects audited–Ilorin and Oyo North–were enclave projects, and were located in the â€Å"middle belt† of Nigeria whose main crops are rainfed cereals and root crops. The three other ADPs audited–Bauchi, Kano, and Sokoto–were statewide projects in Nigeria's northern zone. Cropping in his zone is based on rainfed cereal crops and pulses, with localized areas of fadama in drainage lines that can support higher-value crops. The northern ADPs applied an expanded version of the same model used in the earlier enclave projects in this zone. This model demanded large amounts of capital and services and intensive management. With hindsight, not enough thought was given to the implications of the large increase in scale–or indeed to the less fav orable production environment than existed in the smaller enclaves. Goals, content All the five ADPs sought to increase food production and farm incomes. In all of them it was assumed that productivity increases would come from the use of improved technology, especially planting material and fertilizer. The agricultural components of the projects were designed around systems for developing technology and transferring it to farmers, distributing modern inputs, and land development including small-scale irrigation of fadama areas and land clearing. Investments in infrastructure included an expanded feeder road network, construction of farm service centers for input distribution, and facilities for ADP staff and operations. All projects except that in Ilorin supported improvements in rural water supplies. To support its agricultural development goals the federal government introduced controls on food imports and continued its substantial subsidies on farm inputs, particularly fertilizer.

Evidence Law – Imposing Legal Burden of Defendant

Imposing a legal burden upon a defendant will negate the principle of presumption of innocence. If a defendant has to prove their innocence than it would automatically and unconsciously bring up the issue that they were never considered innocent until proven guilty. The presumption of innocence was first articulated in the case of Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, 461 where Viscount Sankey LC stated that: ‘Throughout the web of English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilty subject to†¦No matter what the charge or where the trial, the principle that the prosecution must prove the guilt of the prisoner is part of the common law of England and no attempt to whittle it down can be entertained’ This statement of the nature of the legal burden of proof in criminal trial is basically a summary of the important presumption that highlights our criminal justice system, that a person is presumed innocent till proven guilty. In the case of McIntosh v Lord Advocate [2001] 3 WLR , Lord Bingham referred to the judgement of Sachs J in the case of State v Coetzee [1997] where the importance of the principle as explained.Lord Bingham explained that: The starting point of any balancing enquiry where constitutional rights are concerned must be that the public interest in ensuring that innocent people are not convicted†¦ Hence the presumption of innocence, which serves not only to protect a particular individual on trial, but to maintain public confidence in the enduring integrity and security of the legal system’. The presumption of innocence is supported by the European Convention of Human Rights; Article 6(2) states that ‘anyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law’.Furthermore the Human Rights Act 1998 supports the presumption of innocence as well as the European Convention of Human Right s. An issue that is faced by the court in respect of cases is whether imposing a legal burden of proof on the defendant will raise issues with article 6(2) of ECHR as well as the Human Rights Act 1998. In addition the same can be said about legislation that imposes a statutory defence for the defendant to use, and in order for them to use that defence they will bear the legal burden.Even at Common law Lord Viscount Sankey himself stated that it is upon the prosecution to prove guilty, but if a defendant uses the defence of insanity than he shall bear the legal burden of proof. Despite the rule in Woolmington v DPP, there are circumstances where the burden of proof does pass to the accused. This is known as the ‘reverse burden’ or reverse onus’. There are many express statutory exceptions to offences which place’s a legal burden upon the defendant and failure to do so could mean a potential conviction.The Homicide Act 1957, s2(2) imposes a burden of proof o n the accused in relation to suffering from diminished responsibility. It states: ‘On a charge of murder, it shall be for the defence to prove that the person charged is by virtue of this section not liable to be convicted of murder’. There is similar reverse burden on the accused to prove insanity under the common law rule in M’Naghten’s Case [1843] 10 CL & Fin 200. Furthermore the Magistrates Courts Act 1980 s101, places a burden on the defendant but impliedly.It states that ‘where a defendant relies for his defence on any exception, exception, exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification†¦ the burden of proving †¦. shall be on him’. In the case of R v Edwards [1975] QB 27, the defendant was convicted of selling alcohol without a license. The defendant tried to appeal on the grounds that prosecution had not produced any evidence in relation to him being granted a license. The Licensing Act 1964, section 160 clearly states ‘if any person sells†¦ any intoxicating liquor without holding a justices license †¦ hall be guilty of an offence’. The appeal was dismissed on the grounds that under common Law, where a statue forbids an act in certain situations, the court could interpret such that the burden of proving that situation, including granting of a license could like on the defendant. In addition to this s1(1) of Prevention of Crime Act 1953 clearly states that ‘Any Person who without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, the proof whereof shall lie on him, has with him in any public place any offensive weapon shall be guilty of an offence’.This is example of implied statutory exception which imposes a burden of proof upon the defendant. Another example of a case where it was impliedly stated by statue is the case of Gatland v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 2 AII ER 100 QB. A lorry driver drove into a builder’s skip which had been left in front of building were builders were working. The owners of the lorry claimed against the company which supplied the skip. It was held that the burden was on the rosecution to prove that the skip had been left outside the building and that it could have caused danger to the driver, the burden was on the defendant to prove that it was there with ‘lawful authority or excuse’, this was due to the Magistrates Court Act 1980 section 101. However the courts have imposed limitations on this principle and this was portrayed in the case of R v Hunt 1987 AC 352. This case involved the defendant being convicted of unlawful possession of Morphine in respect of section 5 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.The regulation provided that section 5 will have no effect if the morphine was less than 0. 2%. The defendant tried to appeal on the grounds that prosecution had failed to adduce enough evidence on the proportion of morphine. The trial judge at first instance upheld the conviction and stated that the legal burden fell on the defendant to prove. The defendant appealed by leave of court, and Lord Griffith gave a judgement in that since Woolmington v DPP [1935] a rule was not established that the burden of establishing a statutory defence lay on the defendant only where the statue expressly provides it.He also referred to the case of Nimmo v Alexander Cowan & Sons Ltd 1968 AC 107, where it was agreed that it was not clearly stated that the burden would like on the defendant, and that the courts should take into consideration what the intention was of the Parliament. Lord Griffith went onto say that section 5 of the Act only made it an offence to carry the illegal substance in possession. So therefore it was up to the prosecution to prove that the substance was carried in an illegal form. The burden was on the prosecution to prove that the substance was unlawful and also that the morphine was not in a legal form and not under 0. %. The appeal was allowed and the defendant’s convic tion was quashed. This case illustrates that the courts are not always willing to place the legal burden on the defendant especially when statue is not clear as to the intention of who would bear the burden. Following the performance of the Human Rights Act 1998 section 3 the courts have been required to consider whether the imposition of the burden of proof on the defendant is incompatible with the right to a fair trial under Article 6 ECHR. It also should employ the attitude that all reverse burdens f proof should be viewed as evidential burdens rather than legal, at least for offences with an identified guilt and rigorous sentences. In the case of R v Lambert [2001] 2 Cr App R 511, HL, the defendant was convicted under section 5 of The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 for possession of cocaine with intent to supply and was sentenced to seven years imprisonment. He relied on section 28(3)(b)(i) of the Act as a defence that he did not believe or suspect, or have reason to suspect that he w as carrying the cocaine.The judge directed the jury in agreement to the law that the prosecution only had to prove that he had and knew that he had possession of cocaine in his bag. The Act imposed a reverse burden on him in relation to this defence. On appeal against the conviction, the defendant tried to argue that the reverse burden that he carried contravened Art 6(2) even though the HRA 1998 was not yet to come into force. The court of appeal held that because the Act had not come into force he could not rely on the convention rights.The result of s28 of the Act was to impose only an evidential burden on the accused, as imposing a legal burden on the defendant would contravene Article 6 of ECHR. It was addressed that imposing a legal burden on a defendant would require a high level of explanation to be actually compatible with Article 6. Lord Steyn said that the burden is on the state to show that the legislative means adopted where not greater than necessity. He also went to e xplain that there must be a ‘pressing necessity’ for a legal burden to be placed upon the defendant.However in the case of R v Johnstone [2003] UKHL 28 HL, the defendant as charged with an offence under s92 of the Trade Marks Act 1994, in relation to production and sale of counterfeit CD’s involving reproducing the trademarks of the various artists. The defence that could be relied on was under s92(5) which claimed: ‘It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to show that he believed on a reasonable grounds that the use of the sign in the manner in which it was used, or was to be used, was not an infringement of the registered trade mark’.It was held that the placing of a legal burden of proof on the accused was compatible with article 6 of ECHR. Lord Nichollos gave the judgment that ‘Given the importance and difficulty of combating counterfeiting, and given the comparative ease with an accused can raise and issue a bout his honesty, overall it is fair and reasonable to require a trader, should need arise, to prove on the balance of probability that the honestly and reasonably believed the goods were genuine’. This clearly indicates that in certain circumstances the ECHR article 6 can be infringed upon if the crime is detrimental in society as well as raising issues of honesty.It can be inferred that the decisions made in Lambert and Johnstone have caused friction as both offences have given way to a defence through statutory exceptions. In Johnstone it was only an evidential burden that was placed in the defendant whereas in Lambert a legal burden was placed. However a common ground which both cases have come to is that a case would have to have great justification to go against article 6 of ECHR and the Human Rights Act 1998. An issue that arises is what would constitute as having great justification and that there is a lack of clarity in this.It can be said that judges have not interp reted properly statutes that impose a burden of proof on the defendant, and therefore cases are resulting in different outcomes. Furthermore this can be seen again in the case of Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 2002) UKHL 43 HL. The hearing before the court was raised as a result of two different cases. The first case involved the defendant being charged under s5(1) of the Road Traffic Act 1988 for being charge of a motor vehicle after having being intoxicated by so much alcohol, going over the required limit.The defendant tried to rely on the defence provided under s5(2) of the Act ‘that at the time he alleged to have committed the offence the circumstances†¦. likely to exceed the prescribed limit’. The defendant tried to claim that if an evidential burden was not placed than it would intervene with ECHR article 6. It was held that, even if it did contravene Article 6, that it would be justified by the fact that it was proportionate a nd directed towards a legitimate objective.The second case involved the defendant being charged and convicted under the Terrorism Act 2000, and a defence was available from section 11(2) for a defendant ‘ that the organisation was not a proscribed on the last (or only) occasion on which he became a member or began to profess to be a member, and that he has not taken part in the activities of the organisation at any time while it was proscribed’. Take into consideration that the statue states that it is a defence to the offence, but does not state that the burden is upon the defendant to prove.The court stated that once the defendant had raised the issue and satisfied the evidential burden of proof it was up to the prosecution to rebut that evidence rather than the defendant having to undergo the legal burden of proof. It was held that in relation to s11 it would be incompatible with article 6 if interpreted as imposing a legal burden and therefore should be ‘read down’ so it only imposed an evidential burden. In conclusion to this assignment it can be seen that judges are more conscious about placing a legal burden upon the defendant as it does intervene with ECHR article 6.Judges have tried to justify in situation where a legal burden if placed on a defendant, by stating where a crime is so severe with harsh imprisonment a defendant does have to prove the legal burden. In certain situations where the reverse burden is transferred the courts are willing to place an evidential burden on the defendant rather than legal however where there is a statutory defence judges may go either way by stating that the legal burden has to be proved or that an evidential burden maybe placed.Furthermore a problem that statutory defences poses is that judges maybe unclear as to the wording of the provision so therefore there is not much clarity and confusion maybe caused. Furthermore the same can be said about implied statutory exceptions as the wording does not expressly say that the burden is on the defendant again this can cause confusion and sometimes result in the defendant having the burden. In all the courts are more willing to be flexible and only when there is a necessity in placing the burden with great justification will the courts impose a burden upon the defendant.I do agree that placing a burden on the defendant does negate the principle of presumption of innocence but I would agree with the courts that sometimes it is necessary to do so. Word count: 2655 Bibliography Cases McIntosh v Lord Advocate [2001] 3 WLR Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, 461 Gatland v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 2 AII ER 100 QB R v Lambert [2001] 2 Cr App R 511, HL Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 2002) UKHL 43 HL R v Edwards [1975] QB 27 of R v Hunt 1987 AC 352 Books C TaylorEvidence Pearson Education Limited 1st Edition 2010C Allen A Practical Guide To Evidence Cavendish Publishing 4th Edition 2008 Tab le of Statue Homicide Act 1957 Human Rights Act 1998 Licensing Act 1964 Magistrates Court Act 1980 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 Road Traffic Act 1988 Trade Marks Act 1994 EU Legislation European Convention of Human Rights Journal http://webjcli. ncl. ac. uk/2003/issue3/cooper3. html Simon Cooper Human Rights & Legal Burden of Proof Accessed 27/07/12 Website http://conventions. coe. int/treaty/en/treaties/html/005. htm Accessed 02/08/12 http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/section/3 Human Rights Act 1998 s3 Accessed 12/08/12 ttp://www. hartpub. co. uk/updates/crimlaw/crimlaw_burden05. htm Burden of Proof, Accessed 12/08/12 http://www. lawgazette. co. uk/news/r-v-hunt-richard Accessed 06/08/12 http://www. lawgazette. co. uk/news/r-v-hunt-richard Accessed 06/08/12 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://webjcli. ncl. ac. uk/2003/issue3/cooper3. html Simon Co oper Human Rights & Legal Burden of Proof Accessed 27/07/12 [ 2 ]. McIntosh v Lord Advocate [2001] 3 WLR Judgement of Lord Bingham [ 3 ]. http://conventions. coe. int/treaty/en/treaties/html/005. htm Accessed 02/08/12 [ 4 ]. Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, 461 [ 5 ]. http://www. egislation. gov. uk/ukpga/Eliz2/5-6/11/section/2 Homicide Act 1957 s2(2) [ 6 ]. C TaylorEvidence Pearson Education Limited 2010 pg 15 [ 7 ]. http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1980/43/section/101 Magistrates Courts Act 1980 s101 [ 8 ]. R v Edwards [1975] QB 27 [ 9 ]. Gatland v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 2 AII ER 100 QB [ 10 ]. of R v Hunt 1987 AC 352 [ 11 ]. http://www. lawgazette. co. uk/news/r-v-hunt-richard Accessed 06/08/12 [ 12 ]. http://www. lawgazette. co. uk/news/r-v-hunt-richard Accessed 06/08/12 [ 13 ]. http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/section/3 Human Rights Act 1998 s3 Accessed 12/08/12 [ 14 ]. ttp://www. hartpub. co. uk/updates/crimlaw/crimlaw_burden05. htm Burden of Proof, Accessed 12/08/12 [ 15 ]. R v Lambert [2001] 2 Cr App R 511, HL [ 16 ]. R v Lambert [2001] 2 Cr App R 511, HL [ 17 ]. C Allen A Practical Guide To Evidence Cavendish Publishing 2008 pg 168 [ 18 ]. R v Johnstone [2003] UKHL 28 HL [ 19 ]. R v Johnstone [2003] UKHL 28 HL [ 20 ]. Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 2002) UKHL 43 HL [ 21 ]. http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/2000/11/section/11 [ 22 ]. Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 2002) UKHL 43 HL